Linux 硬件信息查询命令备忘录

系统#

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uname -a
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# Linux dragonos-gtx1065 5.15.0-177-generic #187-Ubuntu SMP Sat Apr 11 22:54:33 UTC 2026 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux
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4
hostnamectl
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#  Static hostname: mycomputer-gtx1065
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#        Icon name: computer-desktop
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#          Chassis: desktop
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#       Machine ID: 8ea88b201cd0486dad6c2be6f1e91bad
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#          Boot ID: e3194afb773e4969b46d279436128c21
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# Operating System: Ubuntu 22.04.5 LTS
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#           Kernel: Linux 5.15.0-177-generic
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#     Architecture: x86-64
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#  Hardware Vendor: Micro-Star International Co., Ltd.
14
#   Hardware Model: MS-7C96

baseboard#

1
sudo dmidecode -t baseboard
2
# Getting SMBIOS data from sysfs.
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# Handle 0x0002, DMI type 2, 15 bytes
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# Base Board Information
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#         Manufacturer: Micro-Star International Co., Ltd.
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#         Product Name: A520M-A PRO (MS-7C96)
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#         Version: 1.0
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#         Serial Number: 07C9611_O11B469063
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#         Asset Tag: To be filled by O.E.M.
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#         Features:
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#                 Board is a hosting board
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#                 Board is replaceable
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#         Location In Chassis: To be filled by O.E.M.
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#         Chassis Handle: 0x0003
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#         Type: Motherboard
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#         Contained Object Handles: 0
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# Handle 0x0037, DMI type 41, 11 bytes
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# Onboard Device
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#         Reference Designation: Realtek ALC1220 # 板载声卡
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#         Type: Sound
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#         Status: Enabled
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#         Type Instance: 1
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#         Bus Address: 0000:25:00.4
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sudo lshw -C system
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# mycomputer-gtx1065
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#     description: Desktop Computer
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#     product: MS-7C96 (To be filled by O.E.M.)
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#     vendor: Micro-Star International Co., Ltd.
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#     version: 1.0
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#     serial: To be filled by O.E.M.
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#     width: 64 bits
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#     capabilities: smbios-2.8 dmi-2.8 smp vsyscall32
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cat /sys/class/dmi/id/board_name
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# A520M-A PRO (MS-7C96)

内存#

1
free -h
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3
sudo dmidecode -t memory
4
# Handle 0x0011, DMI type 16, 23 bytes
5
# Physical Memory Array
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#         Location: System Board Or Motherboard
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#         Use: System Memory
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#         Error Correction Type: None
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#         Maximum Capacity: 128 GB
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#         Error Information Handle: 0x0010
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#         Number Of Devices: 2
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# Handle 0x0019, DMI type 17, 40 bytes
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# Memory Device
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#         Array Handle: 0x0011
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#         Error Information Handle: 0x0018
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#         Total Width: 64 bits
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#         Data Width: 64 bits
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#         Size: 8 GB
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#         Form Factor: DIMM
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#         Set: None
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#         Locator: DIMM 0
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#         Bank Locator: P0 CHANNEL A
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#         Type: DDR4
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#         Type Detail: Synchronous Unbuffered (Unregistered)
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#         Speed: 3200 MT/s
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#         Manufacturer: Unknown
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#         Serial Number: D4083222
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#         Asset Tag: Not Specified
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#         Part Number: VGM4UX32C188G-STACRN
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#         Rank: 1
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#         Configured Memory Speed: 3200 MT/s  # 需要开启A-XMP
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#         Minimum Voltage: 1.2 V
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#         Maximum Voltage: 1.2 V
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#         Configured Voltage: 1.2 V
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# Handle 0x001C, DMI type 17, 40 bytes  # 2 * 8GB 内存条
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#         Bank Locator: P0 CHANNEL B    # 双通道
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38
sudo apt install i2c-tools
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sudo decode-dimms # 可能需要 sudo modprobe ee1004
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# Decoding EEPROM: /sys/bus/i2c/drivers/ee1004/0-0050
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# Guessing DIMM is in                              bank 1
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# Kernel driver used                               ee1004
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# ---=== SPD EEPROM Information ===---
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# EEPROM CRC of bytes 0-125                        OK (0xBD97)
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# # of bytes written to SDRAM EEPROM               384
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# Total number of bytes in EEPROM                  512
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# Fundamental Memory type                          DDR4 SDRAM
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# SPD Revision                                     1.1
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# Module Type                                      UDIMM
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# EEPROM CRC of bytes 128-253                      OK (0xB9C3)
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# ---=== Memory Characteristics ===---
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# Maximum module speed                             2400 MT/s (PC4-19200)
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# Size                                             8192 MB
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# Banks x Rows x Columns x Bits                    16 x 16 x 10 x 64
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# SDRAM Device Width                               8 bits
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# Ranks                                            1
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# Primary Bus Width                                64 bits
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# AA-RCD-RP-RAS (cycles)                           17-17-17-39
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# Supported CAS Latencies                          18T, 17T, 16T, 15T, 14T, 13T, 12T, 11T, 10T
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# ---=== Timings at Standard Speeds ===---
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# AA-RCD-RP-RAS (cycles) as DDR4-2400              17-17-17-39
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# AA-RCD-RP-RAS (cycles) as DDR4-2133              15-15-15-35
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# AA-RCD-RP-RAS (cycles) as DDR4-1866              13-13-13-30
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# AA-RCD-RP-RAS (cycles) as DDR4-1600              11-11-11-26
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# ---=== Timing Parameters ===---
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# Minimum Cycle Time (tCKmin)                      0.833 ns
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# Maximum Cycle Time (tCKmax)                      1.600 ns
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# Minimum CAS Latency Time (tAA)                   13.750 ns
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# Minimum RAS to CAS Delay (tRCD)                  13.750 ns
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# Minimum Row Precharge Delay (tRP)                13.750 ns
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# Minimum Active to Precharge Delay (tRAS)         32.000 ns
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# Minimum Active to Auto-Refresh Delay (tRC)       45.750 ns
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# Minimum Recovery Delay (tRFC1)                   350.000 ns
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# Minimum Recovery Delay (tRFC2)                   260.000 ns
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# Minimum Recovery Delay (tRFC4)                   160.000 ns
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# Minimum Four Activate Window Delay (tFAW)        21.000 ns
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# Minimum Row Active to Row Active Delay (tRRD_S)  3.300 ns
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# Minimum Row Active to Row Active Delay (tRRD_L)  4.900 ns
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# Minimum CAS to CAS Delay (tCCD_L)                5.000 ns
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# Minimum Write Recovery Time (tWR)                15.000 ns
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# Minimum Write to Read Time (tWTR_S)              2.500 ns
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# Minimum Write to Read Time (tWTR_L)              7.500 ns
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# ---=== Other Information ===---
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# Package Type                                     Monolithic
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# Maximum Activate Count (MAC)                     Unlimited
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# Post Package Repair                              One row per bank group
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# Soft PPR                                         Supported
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# Module Nominal Voltage                           1.2 V
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# Thermal Sensor                                   No
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# ---=== Physical Characteristics ===---
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# Module Height                                    32 mm
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# Module Thickness                                 2 mm front, 2 mm back
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# Module Reference Card                            A revision 2
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# ---=== Manufacturer Data ===---
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# Module Manufacturer                              Gloway International Co. Ltd # 光威
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# DRAM Manufacturer                                CXMT (former Innotron Memory Co Ltd) # 长鑫存储
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# Manufacturing Date                               2024-W32
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# Assembly Serial Number                           0xD4083222
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# Part Number                                      VGM4UX32C188G-STACRN
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# Decoding EEPROM: /sys/bus/i2c/drivers/ee1004/0-0051
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# Guessing DIMM is in                              bank 2
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# Kernel driver used                               ee1004
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# ---=== Manufacturer Data ===---
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# Module Manufacturer                              Gloway International Co. Ltd # 光威
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# DRAM Manufacturer                                Micron Technology # 美光
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# Manufacturing Date                               2024-W02
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# Assembly Serial Number                           0xD400033D
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# Part Number                                      TAC4U3200E18081C
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111
# Number of SDRAM DIMMs detected and decoded: 2

磁盘#

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lsblk -f # blkid
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# nvme0n1
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# ├─nvme0n1p1       vfat        FAT32          5F39-2858                                   1G     1% /boot/efi
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# ├─nvme0n1p2       ext4        1.0            bdaf3ad9-d681-44c9-a4e7-5f8817bee337      1.4G    22% /boot
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# └─nvme0n1p3       LVM2_member LVM2 001       NPotXR-UNEj-cEja-1KA3-h6bS-iqPZ-gPfaoC
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#   └─ubuntu--vg-ubuntu--lv
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#                   ext4        1.0            3a5f860c-a18f-4ec4-ade3-289146ee9412     25.9G    73% /
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df -hT
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# /dev/mapper/ubuntu--vg-ubuntu--lv ext4   115G   83G   26G  77% /
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# /dev/nvme0n1p2                    ext4   2.0G  432M  1.4G  24% /boot
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# /dev/nvme0n1p1                    vfat   1.1G  6.1M  1.1G   1% /boot/efi
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sudo vgdisplay ubuntu-vg # pvdisplay / vgdisplay / lvdisplay
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#   VG Size               <116.19 GiB
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#   PE Size               4.00 MiB
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#   Total PE              29744
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#   Alloc PE / Size       29744 / <116.19 GiB
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#   Free  PE / Size       0 / 0
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du -h . | sort -hr | head -n 30

CPU#

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lscpu -p # 查看 CPU 物理拓扑
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# CPU,Core,Socket,Node,,L1d,L1i,L2,L3
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lscpu
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# Architecture:                x86_64
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#   CPU op-mode(s):            32-bit, 64-bit
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#   Address sizes:             43 bits physical, 48 bits virtual
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#   Byte Order:                Little Endian
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# CPU(s):                      6
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#   On-line CPU(s) list:       0-5
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# Vendor ID:                   AuthenticAMD
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#   Model name:                AMD Ryzen 5 3500X 6-Core Processor
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#     CPU family:              23
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#     Model:                   113 # 对应 AMD Zen 2 微架构（Matisse）
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#     Thread(s) per core:      1
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#     Core(s) per socket:      6
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#     Socket(s):               1
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#     Stepping:                0
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#     Frequency boost:         enabled
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#     CPU max MHz:             3600.0000 # 基础频率MAX
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#     CPU min MHz:             2200.0000
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# Virtualization features:
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#   Virtualization:            AMD-V
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# Caches (sum of all):
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#   L1d:                       192 KiB (6 instances)
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#   L1i:                       192 KiB (6 instances)
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#   L2:                        3 MiB (6 instances)
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#   L3:                        32 MiB (2 instances)
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# NUMA:
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#   NUMA node(s):              1
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#   NUMA node0 CPU(s):         0-5
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sudo dmidecode -t processor
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cat /proc/cpuinfo
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# cpu family   : 23
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# model        : 113
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# model name      : AMD Ryzen 5 3500X 6-Core Processor
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# microcode    : 0x8701030
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# physical id     : 0
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# siblings        : 6
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# cpu cores       : 6

GPU#

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## 通用方式：
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lspci -v | grep -A 20 -E "VGA|3D"
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# 23:00.0 VGA compatible controller: NVIDIA Corporation GP106 [GeForce GTX 1060 5GB] (rev a1) (prog-if 00 [VGA controller])
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#         Subsystem: Device 7377:0000
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#         Flags: bus master, fast devsel, latency 0, IRQ 67, IOMMU group 16
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#         Memory at fb000000 (32-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=16M]
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#         Memory at 7fe0000000 (64-bit, prefetchable) [size=256M]
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#         Memory at 7ff0000000 (64-bit, prefetchable) [size=32M]
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#         I/O ports at e000 [size=128]
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#         Expansion ROM at fc000000 [virtual] [disabled] [size=512K]
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#         Capabilities: <access denied>
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#         Kernel driver in use: nvidia
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#         Kernel modules: nvidiafb, nouveau, nvidia_drm, nvidia
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# 23:00.1 Audio device: NVIDIA Corporation GP106 High Definition Audio Controller (rev a1)
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#         Subsystem: Device 7377:0000
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#         Flags: bus master, fast devsel, latency 0, IRQ 71, IOMMU group 16
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#         Memory at fc080000 (32-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=16K]
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#         Capabilities: <access denied>
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#         Kernel driver in use: snd_hda_intel
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#         Kernel modules: snd_hda_intel
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## NVIDIA
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watch -n 1 nvidia-smi

USB Bus#

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lsusb -t
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/:  Bus 04.Port 1: Dev 1, Class=root_hub, Driver=xhci_hcd/4p, 10000M
3
/:  Bus 03.Port 1: Dev 1, Class=root_hub, Driver=xhci_hcd/4p, 480M
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    |__ Port 3: Dev 2, If 0, Class=Human Interface Device, Driver=usbhid, 12M
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    |__ Port 3: Dev 2, If 1, Class=Human Interface Device, Driver=usbhid, 12M
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/:  Bus 02.Port 1: Dev 1, Class=root_hub, Driver=xhci_hcd/3p, 10000M
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/:  Bus 01.Port 1: Dev 1, Class=root_hub, Driver=xhci_hcd/9p, 480M
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    |__ Port 5: Dev 3, If 0, Class=Wireless, Driver=btusb, 12M
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    |__ Port 5: Dev 3, If 1, Class=Wireless, Driver=btusb, 12M
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    |__ Port 8: Dev 4, If 0, Class=Vendor Specific Class, Driver=r8188eu, 480M

但其实 Bus 04/03 是同一个 USB 3.x 物理端口在逻辑上的双总线投影。对于我这个主板（MSI MS-7C96 “微星A520M-A PRO”） msi官网链接

Bus 04/03 是主机背面的 4个 USB 3.2 type-A 接口（xhci_hcd/4p）
Bus 02/01 是主机前面支持 3个 USB 3.2 type-A 的插针（xhci_hcd/3p）、主机前面支持 4个 USB 2.0 type-A 的插针和主机背面 2个 USB 2.0 type-A 接口（xhci_hcd/9-3p）。

每个物理接口都被 xhci_hcd 驱动映射成了两个逻辑总线（USB 3.x 和 USB 2.0），因此在 lsusb -t 输出中会看到两组根集线器(root_hub)和对应的端口(Port)。

xhci_hcd驱动 会同时创建 SuperSpeed(USB 3.x) 和 High-Speed(USB 2.0)通道，映射到不同编号的虚拟总线上。

每个蓝色的 USB 3.x 物理接口，内部实际上是由两组独立的信号线组成的：

USB 2.0 引脚（D+/D-），用来兼容旧设备，最高速率 480 Mbps。
USB 3.x 引脚（SSTX+/SSTX-、SSRX+/SSRX-），用于 5 Gbps 或 10 Gbps 的高速传输设备。插入设备时，根据设备类型和其能力，只会激活其中一组引脚：
插入USB 2.0 设备（鼠标、U盘、RTL8188EU 便宜网卡等）→ 仅连接 USB 2.0 总线。
插入USB 3.x 设备（高速移动硬盘等）→ 仅连接 USB 3.x 总线，此时 USB 2.0 总线对应的端口会在电气上断开。

这意味着，同一个物理端口的两组信号线不可能同时工作，但在逻辑上它们必须被OS(操作系统)作为两个独立的端口来管理。因此，xHCI 控制器会向上报告两个“根集线器”（一个 USB 2.0 根集线器，一个 USB 3.x 根集线器）。每个根集线器拥有自己的端口集合，并被映射到不同编号的总线Bus上。

USB 无线网卡#

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sudo lsusb -v -d 0bda:8179
2
# Bus 001 Device 002: ID 0bda:8179 Realtek Semiconductor Corp. RTL8188EUS 802.11n Wireless Network Adapter
3
# Device Descriptor:
4
#   ...
5
#   bcdUSB               2.00
6
#   idVendor           0x0bda Realtek Semiconductor Corp.
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#   idProduct          0x8179 RTL8188EUS 802.11n Wireless Network Adapter
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#   ...
9

10
cat /proc/net/wireless
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# Inter-| sta-|   Quality        |   Discarded packets               | Missed | WE
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#  face | tus | link level noise |  nwid  crypt   frag  retry   misc | beacon | 22
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# wlx04ecbb92a1a1: 0000   63.  -51.  -256.       0      0      0      0      0        0

网卡#

1
sudo lspci -nnkv | grep -A 20 -E "Ethernet"
2
# 22:00.0 Ethernet controller [0200]: Realtek Semiconductor Co., Ltd. RTL8111/8168/8411 PCI Express Gigabit Ethernet Controller [10ec:8168] (rev 15)
3
#         Subsystem: Micro-Star International Co., Ltd. [MSI] RTL8111/8168/8411 PCI Express Gigabit Ethernet Controller [1462:7c96]
4
#         Flags: bus master, fast devsel, latency 0, IRQ 35, IOMMU group 15
5
#         I/O ports at f000 [size=256]
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#         Memory at fc604000 (64-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=4K]
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#         Memory at fc600000 (64-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=16K]
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#         Capabilities: [40] Power Management version 3
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#         Capabilities: [50] MSI: Enable- Count=1/1 Maskable- 64bit+
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#         Capabilities: [70] Express Endpoint, MSI 01
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#         Capabilities: [b0] MSI-X: Enable+ Count=4 Masked-
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#         Capabilities: [100] Advanced Error Reporting
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#         Capabilities: [140] Virtual Channel
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#         Capabilities: [160] Device Serial Number 01-00-00-00-68-4c-e0-00
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#         Capabilities: [170] Latency Tolerance Reporting
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#         Capabilities: [178] L1 PM Substates
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#         Kernel driver in use: r8169
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#         Kernel modules: r8169
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20
sudo lspci -nnkv | grep -A 20 -E "Wi-Fi"
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# 23:00.0 Network controller [0280]: Intel Corporation Wi-Fi 6 AX210/AX211/AX411 160MHz [8086:2725] (rev 1a)
22
#         Subsystem: Intel Corporation Wi-Fi 6 AX210 160MHz [8086:0024]
23
#         Flags: bus master, fast devsel, latency 0, IRQ 33, IOMMU group 15
24
#         Memory at fc500000 (64-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=16K]
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#         Capabilities: [c8] Power Management version 3
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#         Capabilities: [d0] MSI: Enable- Count=1/1 Maskable- 64bit+
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#         Capabilities: [40] Express Endpoint, MSI 00
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#         Capabilities: [80] MSI-X: Enable+ Count=16 Masked-
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#         Capabilities: [100] Advanced Error Reporting
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#         Capabilities: [14c] Latency Tolerance Reporting
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#         Capabilities: [154] L1 PM Substates
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#         Kernel driver in use: iwlwifi
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#         Kernel modules: iwlwifi

PCI#

1
lspci

BIOS#

1
sudo dmidecode -s bios-version
2
# 1.K0
3
mokutil --sb-state
4
# SecureBoot disabled
5

6
## BIOS
7
# Secure Boot: [Enabled]->[Disabled]
8
# Restore after AC Power Loss: [Power Off]->[Power On]
9
# A-XMP: [Disabled]->[Enabled]

其他#

1
cat /proc/asound/cards
2
#  0 [NVidia         ]: HDA-Intel - HDA NVidia
3
#                       HDA NVidia at 0xfc080000 irq 71
4
#  1 [Generic        ]: HDA-Intel - HD-Audio Generic
5
#                       HD-Audio Generic at 0xfc400000 irq 73
6

7
sensors
8
# nvme-pci-0100
9
# Adapter: PCI adapter
10
# Composite:    +33.9°C  (low  = -273.1°C, high = +74.8°C)
11
#                        (crit = +84.8°C)
12
# k10temp-pci-00c3
13
# Adapter: PCI adapter
14
# Tctl:         +32.1°C
15
# Tccd1:        +32.5°C

速览：

配件	规格	价格(元)
主板	MSI A520M-A PRO	350
CPU	AMD Ryzen 5 3500X + 塔散	300 + 50
显卡	GTX 1060 5G	500
内存	2*光威 DDR4 3200 8G (长鑫颗粒)	200
固态	SSD 128G	80
电源	长城额定300W	100
无线网卡	AX210 芯片	100
机箱	Tt 启航者 F4	120
机箱风扇	利民 TL-C12B V2 工包 (x2)	20 * 2

一手估计：1840